Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU
Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) allows for a rapid accumulation of massive amounts of plastic strain and thus promotes grain refinement. The deformation mode during ECAP is often simplified as simple shear, whereas experimental data and numerical simulations indicate the presence of a more complex deformation zone. As a consequence, the resulting deformation is not homogeneous but characterized by a gradient from the top to the bottom of the billet. New models take this gradient into account and allow for the mathematical description of the local material flow along a path ('flow line') during deformation. As the plastic flow is largely influenced by the material’s processing history, especially in terms of grain size, texture and pre-deformation, the evolution of local material flow during multiple passes of ECAP is of significant interest. In this study, we evaluate a method for visio-plastic analysis of the local deformations during ECAP of the aluminium alloy AA6060 via different processing routes in a friction-optimized tool with a tool angle of 90°. Before the final ECAP pass, the billets are cut lengthwise and prepared with a grid of indents on the inside. After interrupting the deformation during a final ECAP pass, both billet halves are extracted from the modular tool. The positions of the indents along several flow lines are analyzed from the partially deformed billets using optical microscopy and a graphics program. For the evaluation of the material flow we use a phenomenological model that describes the material path along the flow line based on a super ellipsis, with only one parameter defining the evolution of curvature along the flow line. The resulting data allow for a detailed analysis of strain distributions and gradients inside billets after different numbers of passes. By comprehensive microstructural and mechanical characterization of the processed material, changes in macroscopic properties can be directly related to microstructural evolution and local strain accumulation during ECAP. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the newly developed experimental approach that can be potentially applied to other materials as well as to different ECAP tool geometries.
Abstract
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