Cellulose, derived from plant sources, is an attractive material for 3D bioprinting due to its renewability, biocompatibility, and versatility. MFC and NFC, obtained through mechanical or enzymatic processes, offer enhanced properties, including increased surface area and improved mechanical strength. These attributes make cellulose an ideal matrix for 3D-printed structures.

An essential aspect of this approach is the commitment to environmental sustainability. By utilizing cellulose as a primary material and avoiding the use of less eco-friendly alternatives such as Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), the developed prototypes contribute to reducing the environmental impact associated with 3D printing technologies. This shift towards greener materials aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable practices in scientific research and technological development.

To enhance the functionality of 3D-printed cellulose structures, conductive polymers are incorporated into the printing ink. Conducting polymers are renowned for their electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties, are chosen as active materials. These conductive polymers play a crucial role in transforming cellulose foams into efficient energy harvesting and storage devices. Their properties are also easily tuneable with doping-dedoping techniques for tunning of electrical properties of substrates.