Accelerated cyclic loading using an ultrasonic fatigue testing system is one potential solution to evaluate the very high cycle behavior of composite materials within a reasonable time. Insufficient sampling rate and accuracy of non-contact measurement devices pose a critical challenge in realizing fatigue experiments with the currently available online damage monitoring techniques. This study aims to overcome these challenges by correlating different damage characterization techniques to capture the damage evolution in a carbon fabric-reinforced poly-ether-ketone-ketone (CF-PEKK) composite material system. Fatigue experiments were carried out under three-point bending loading conditions at a cyclic frequency of 20 kHz. Various parameters, including surface temperature, cyclic displacement, higher harmonics in the frequency response and input resonance parameters of the ultrasonic generator were recorded during these experiments. The VHCF behavior of the CF-PEKK material system was characterized based on these results, as well as through X-ray microscopy and the digital light optical microscopy.