Smart responsive composite nanomaterials, based on 1D and 2D materials, are capable of adaptation to biological environment (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) in tandem with intrinsic sensing capabilities. We envisage both electronic and optical read-out of the change in the state of the composite structure. Low dimensional multifunctional coatings and surfaces that can detect certain biological environment and prevent its undesirable invasion in our life, but at the same time which do not aggressively supress natural processes but rather regulate the environment and adapt it to our needs. In future, smart composites can be created through the proposed platform and are applicable to a broad range of areas, including corrosion protection, medicine, filtration and wearable electronics for healthcare applications.