For the development and optimization of perovskite solar cells it is important to understand the atomic and electronic structure of perovskite material interfaces. The element selectivity of X-ray based spectroscopies such photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are ideal for non-destructive chemical and electronic characterization of such interfaces at an atomic level. With the developments at synchrotron facilities and methodologies by us and others these tools are quickly developing for investigations on energy material systems and allow for investigation of the chemistry, energy matching and valence and conduction band character and charge dynamics at material interfaces. (1-3)

Here our latest results on the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and energy dependent photoelectron spectroscopy on perovskite interfaces is reported. The investigation ranges from studies on single crystal surfaces and interfaces to functional device structures. The presentation describes how to investigate the interface chemistry and determine the energy matching in a perovskite/hole-conductor/metal interface in dark and under visible illumination. Specifically, operando measurements using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy will be discussed.

References

[1] G. J. Man; C. Kamal; A. Kalinko; D. Phuyal, J. Acharya; S. Mukherjee; P.K. Nayak, H. Rensmo; M. Odelius, S. Butorin Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3839

[2] G. J. Man; C. M Sterling; C. Kama; K. Simonov; A. S. Svanström, J. Acharya, F. O. L . Johansson; E. Giangrisostomi; R. Ovsyannikov; T. Huthwelker; S. M. Butorin; P. K. Nayak; M. Odelius; H. Rensmo, Phys. Rev. B 2021, 104, L041302

[3] A. Garcia-Fernandez ; S. Svanstrom, C. M. Sterling ; A. Gangan, A. Erbing, C. Kamal, T. Sloboda ; B. Kammlander, G.J. Man, H. Rensmo, M. Odelius, U.B. Cappel, SMALL 2022, 18, 2106450