Hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) aerogels and foams of carbon and related nanomaterials have been shown to hold great promise as innovative energy transducer materials, e.g. for the conversion of light or electricity into heat, essential for a broad range of applications, such as the synthesis of solar fuels, thermal desalination, and photoacoustics. However, the meso- and micropore structure of conventional aerogels fundamentally limits their conversion properties. Here, we present innovative multi-scaled and hybrid aeromaterials, that are characterized by extremely low densities in the order of 1 mg/cm³, resulting in porosities of up to 99.99%. The multi-scaled framework structure leads to an extraordinary set of mechanical [1,2], thermal [3], electrical [1,2,3], as well as optical properties [4] on the macroscale, which are defined by their nanoscale features, enabling functionalities well-beyond that of conventional aerogels.[3,4] We demonstrate that the extremely low heat capacity and high conductivity of graphene-based aeromaterials can be utilized to create electrically- powered and repeatable gas explosions.[3] Furthermore, by engineering advanced hybrid aeromaterials, innovative photothermal transducers can be realized, that allow for the first time for light-powered and light-controlled pneumatic soft actuators and microfluidic pumps without any additional electronic components.
Abstract
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